ISO 15919
ISO 15919 (Alih huruf Dewanagari dan sistem tulisan Indik yang berkaitan ke dalam abjad Rumi) merupakan salah satu siri piawaian antarabangsa untuk proses perumian yang dibangunkan oleh Pertubuhan Pemiawaian Antarabangsa. Ia diterbitkan pada tahun 2001 dan menggunakan diakritik untuk memetakan set konsonan dan vokal yang lebih besar dalam tulisan Brahmi dan Nastaliq kepada abjad Rumi.
Gambaran keseluruhan
ISO | ISO 7-bit | Dewanagari | Nastaliq | Gurmukh | Gujarat | Benggali–Assam | Odia | Tamil | Malayalam | Kannada | Telugu | Sinhala |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | a | अcode: inc is deprecated | اَcode: inc is deprecated | ਅcode: inc is deprecated | અcode: inc is deprecated | অcode: inc is deprecated | ଅcode: inc is deprecated | அcode: inc is deprecated | അcode: inc is deprecated | ಅcode: inc is deprecated | అcode: inc is deprecated | අcode: inc is deprecated |
ā | aa | आcode: inc is deprecated | آcode: inc is deprecated | ਆcode: inc is deprecated | આcode: inc is deprecated | আcode: inc is deprecated | ଆcode: inc is deprecated | ஆcode: inc is deprecated | ആcode: inc is deprecated | ಆcode: inc is deprecated | ఆcode: inc is deprecated | ආcode: inc is deprecated |
æ | ae | ॲcode: inc is deprecated | ඇcode: inc is deprecated | |||||||||
ǣ | aee | ඈcode: inc is deprecated | ||||||||||
i | i | इcode: inc is deprecated | اِcode: inc is deprecated | ਇcode: inc is deprecated | ઇcode: inc is deprecated | ইcode: inc is deprecated | ଇcode: inc is deprecated | இcode: inc is deprecated | ഇcode: inc is deprecated | ಇcode: inc is deprecated | ఇcode: inc is deprecated | ඉcode: inc is deprecated |
ī | ii | ईcode: inc is deprecated | اِیcode: inc is deprecated | ਈcode: inc is deprecated | ઈcode: inc is deprecated | ঈcode: inc is deprecated | ଈcode: inc is deprecated | ஈcode: inc is deprecated | ഈcode: inc is deprecated | ಈcode: inc is deprecated | ఈcode: inc is deprecated | ඊcode: inc is deprecated |
u | u | उcode: inc is deprecated | اُcode: inc is deprecated | ਉcode: inc is deprecated | ઉcode: inc is deprecated | উcode: inc is deprecated | ଉcode: inc is deprecated | உcode: inc is deprecated | ഉcode: inc is deprecated | ಉcode: inc is deprecated | ఉcode: inc is deprecated | උcode: inc is deprecated |
ū | uu | ऊcode: inc is deprecated | اُوcode: inc is deprecated | ਊcode: inc is deprecated | ઊcode: inc is deprecated | ঊcode: inc is deprecated | ଊcode: inc is deprecated | ஊcode: inc is deprecated | ഊcode: inc is deprecated | ಊcode: inc is deprecated | ఊcode: inc is deprecated | ඌcode: inc is deprecated |
ŭ | ^u | ്code: inc is deprecated | ||||||||||
r̥ | ,r | ऋcode: inc is deprecated | ઋcode: inc is deprecated | ঋcode: inc is deprecated | ଋcode: inc is deprecated | ഋcode: inc is deprecated | ಋcode: inc is deprecated | ఋcode: inc is deprecated | ඍcode: inc is deprecated | |||
r̥̄ | ,rr | ॠcode: inc is deprecated | ૠcode: inc is deprecated | ৠcode: inc is deprecated | ୠcode: inc is deprecated | ൠcode: inc is deprecated | ೠcode: inc is deprecated | ౠcode: inc is deprecated | ඎcode: inc is deprecated | |||
l̥ | ,l | ऌcode: inc is deprecated | ઌcode: inc is deprecated | ঌcode: inc is deprecated | ଌcode: inc is deprecated | ഌcode: inc is deprecated | ಌcode: inc is deprecated | ఌcode: inc is deprecated | ඏcode: inc is deprecated | |||
l̥̄ | ,ll | ॡcode: inc is deprecated | ૡcode: inc is deprecated | ৡcode: inc is deprecated | ୡcode: inc is deprecated | ൡcode: inc is deprecated | ೡcode: inc is deprecated | ౡcode: inc is deprecated | ඐcode: inc is deprecated | |||
e | e | ऎcode: inc is deprecated | எcode: inc is deprecated | എcode: inc is deprecated | ಎcode: inc is deprecated | ఎcode: inc is deprecated | එcode: inc is deprecated | |||||
ē | ee | एcode: inc is deprecated | اےcode: inc is deprecated | ਏcode: inc is deprecated | એcode: inc is deprecated | এcode: inc is deprecated | ଏcode: inc is deprecated | ஏcode: inc is deprecated | ഏcode: inc is deprecated | ಏcode: inc is deprecated | ఏcode: inc is deprecated | ඒcode: inc is deprecated |
ê | ^e | ऍcode: inc is deprecated | ઍcode: inc is deprecated | |||||||||
ai | ai | ऐcode: inc is deprecated | اَےcode: inc is deprecated | ਐcode: inc is deprecated | ઐcode: inc is deprecated | ঐcode: inc is deprecated | ଐcode: inc is deprecated | ஐcode: inc is deprecated | ഐcode: inc is deprecated | ಐcode: inc is deprecated | ఐcode: inc is deprecated | ඓcode: inc is deprecated |
o | o | ऒcode: inc is deprecated | ஒcode: inc is deprecated | ഒcode: inc is deprecated | ಒcode: inc is deprecated | ఒcode: inc is deprecated | ඔcode: inc is deprecated | |||||
ō | oo | ओcode: inc is deprecated | اوcode: inc is deprecated | ਓcode: inc is deprecated | ઓcode: inc is deprecated | ওcode: inc is deprecated | ଓcode: inc is deprecated | ஓcode: inc is deprecated | ഓcode: inc is deprecated | ಓcode: inc is deprecated | ఓcode: inc is deprecated | ඕcode: inc is deprecated |
ô | ^o | ऑcode: inc is deprecated | ઑcode: inc is deprecated | |||||||||
au | au | औcode: inc is deprecated | اَوcode: inc is deprecated | ਔcode: inc is deprecated | ઔcode: inc is deprecated | ঔcode: inc is deprecated | ଔcode: inc is deprecated | ஔcode: inc is deprecated | ഔcode: inc is deprecated | ಔcode: inc is deprecated | ఔcode: inc is deprecated | ඖcode: inc is deprecated |
ṁ | ;m | ंcode: inc is deprecated | ںcode: inc is deprecated | ਂcode: inc is deprecated | ંcode: inc is deprecated | ংcode: inc is deprecated | ଂcode: inc is deprecated | ஂcode: inc is deprecated | ംcode: inc is deprecated | ಂcode: inc is deprecated | ంcode: inc is deprecated | ංcode: inc is deprecated |
ṃ | .m | ੰcode: inc is deprecated | ||||||||||
m̐ | ~m | ँcode: inc is deprecated | ںcode: inc is deprecated | ਁcode: inc is deprecated | ઁcode: inc is deprecated | ঁcode: inc is deprecated | ଁcode: inc is deprecated | ఀcode: inc is deprecated | ||||
n̆ | ^n | ఁcode: inc is deprecated | ||||||||||
ḥ | .h | ःcode: inc is deprecated | ہcode: inc is deprecated | ਃcode: inc is deprecated | ઃcode: inc is deprecated | ঃcode: inc is deprecated | ଃcode: inc is deprecated | ഃcode: inc is deprecated | ಃcode: inc is deprecated | ఃcode: inc is deprecated | ඃcode: inc is deprecated | |
ẖ | _h | ᳵ | ೱcode: inc is deprecated | |||||||||
ḫ | ^h | ᳶ | ೲcode: inc is deprecated | |||||||||
ḵ | _k | ஃcode: inc is deprecated | ||||||||||
k | k | कcode: inc is deprecated | کcode: inc is deprecated | ਕcode: inc is deprecated | કcode: inc is deprecated | কcode: inc is deprecated | କcode: inc is deprecated | கcode: inc is deprecated | കcode: inc is deprecated | ಕcode: inc is deprecated | కcode: inc is deprecated | කcode: inc is deprecated |
kh | kh | खcode: inc is deprecated | کھcode: inc is deprecated | ਖcode: inc is deprecated | ખcode: inc is deprecated | খcode: inc is deprecated | ଖcode: inc is deprecated | ഖcode: inc is deprecated | ಖcode: inc is deprecated | ఖcode: inc is deprecated | ඛcode: inc is deprecated | |
g | g | गcode: inc is deprecated | گcode: inc is deprecated | ਗcode: inc is deprecated | ગcode: inc is deprecated | গcode: inc is deprecated | ଗcode: inc is deprecated | ഗcode: inc is deprecated | ಗcode: inc is deprecated | గcode: inc is deprecated | ගcode: inc is deprecated | |
gh | gh | घcode: inc is deprecated | گھcode: inc is deprecated | ਘcode: inc is deprecated | ઘcode: inc is deprecated | ঘcode: inc is deprecated | ଘcode: inc is deprecated | ഘcode: inc is deprecated | ಘcode: inc is deprecated | ఘcode: inc is deprecated | ඝcode: inc is deprecated | |
ṅ | ;n | ङcode: inc is deprecated | ن٘code: inc is deprecated | ਙcode: inc is deprecated | ઙcode: inc is deprecated | ঙcode: inc is deprecated | ଙcode: inc is deprecated | ஙcode: inc is deprecated | ങcode: inc is deprecated | ಙcode: inc is deprecated | ఙcode: inc is deprecated | ඞcode: inc is deprecated |
n̆g | ^ng | ඟcode: inc is deprecated | ||||||||||
c | c | चcode: inc is deprecated | چcode: inc is deprecated | ਚcode: inc is deprecated | ચcode: inc is deprecated | চcode: inc is deprecated | ଚcode: inc is deprecated | சcode: inc is deprecated | ചcode: inc is deprecated | ಚcode: inc is deprecated | చcode: inc is deprecated | චcode: inc is deprecated |
ĉ | ^c | ౘcode: inc is deprecated | ||||||||||
ch | ch | छcode: inc is deprecated | چھcode: inc is deprecated | ਛcode: inc is deprecated | છcode: inc is deprecated | ছcode: inc is deprecated | ଛcode: inc is deprecated | ഛcode: inc is deprecated | ಛcode: inc is deprecated | ఛcode: inc is deprecated | ඡcode: inc is deprecated | |
j | j | जcode: inc is deprecated | جcode: inc is deprecated | ਜcode: inc is deprecated | જcode: inc is deprecated | জcode: inc is deprecated | ଜcode: inc is deprecated | ஜcode: inc is deprecated | ജcode: inc is deprecated | ಜcode: inc is deprecated | జcode: inc is deprecated | ජcode: inc is deprecated |
jh | jh | झcode: inc is deprecated | جھcode: inc is deprecated | ਝcode: inc is deprecated | ઝcode: inc is deprecated | ঝcode: inc is deprecated | ଝcode: inc is deprecated | ഝcode: inc is deprecated | ಝcode: inc is deprecated | ఝcode: inc is deprecated | ඣcode: inc is deprecated | |
ñ | ~n | ञcode: inc is deprecated | ڃcode: inc is deprecated | ਞcode: inc is deprecated | ઞcode: inc is deprecated | ঞcode: inc is deprecated | ଞcode: inc is deprecated | ஞcode: inc is deprecated | ഞcode: inc is deprecated | ಞcode: inc is deprecated | ఞcode: inc is deprecated | ඤcode: inc is deprecated |
n̆j | ^nj | ඦcode: inc is deprecated | ||||||||||
ṭ | .t | टcode: inc is deprecated | ٹcode: inc is deprecated | ਟcode: inc is deprecated | ટcode: inc is deprecated | টcode: inc is deprecated | ଟcode: inc is deprecated | டcode: inc is deprecated | ടcode: inc is deprecated | ಟcode: inc is deprecated | టcode: inc is deprecated | ටcode: inc is deprecated |
ṭh | .th | ठcode: inc is deprecated | ٹھcode: inc is deprecated | ਠcode: inc is deprecated | ઠcode: inc is deprecated | ঠcode: inc is deprecated | ଠcode: inc is deprecated | ഠcode: inc is deprecated | ಠcode: inc is deprecated | ఠcode: inc is deprecated | ඨcode: inc is deprecated | |
ḍ | .d | डcode: inc is deprecated | ڈcode: inc is deprecated | ਡcode: inc is deprecated | ડcode: inc is deprecated | ডcode: inc is deprecated | ଡcode: inc is deprecated | ഡcode: inc is deprecated | ಡcode: inc is deprecated | డcode: inc is deprecated | ඩcode: inc is deprecated | |
ḍh | .dh | ढcode: inc is deprecated | ڈھcode: inc is deprecated | ਢcode: inc is deprecated | ઢcode: inc is deprecated | ঢcode: inc is deprecated | ଢcode: inc is deprecated | ഢcode: inc is deprecated | ಢcode: inc is deprecated | ఢcode: inc is deprecated | ඪcode: inc is deprecated | |
ṛ | .r | ड़code: inc is deprecated | ڑcode: inc is deprecated | ੜcode: inc is deprecated | ড়code: inc is deprecated | ଡ଼code: inc is deprecated | ||||||
ṛh | .rh | ढ़code: inc is deprecated | ڑھcode: inc is deprecated | ঢ়code: inc is deprecated | ଢ଼code: inc is deprecated | |||||||
ṇ | .n | णcode: inc is deprecated | ݨcode: inc is deprecated | ਣcode: inc is deprecated | ણcode: inc is deprecated | ণcode: inc is deprecated | ଣcode: inc is deprecated | ணcode: inc is deprecated | ണcode: inc is deprecated | ಣcode: inc is deprecated | ణcode: inc is deprecated | ණcode: inc is deprecated |
n̆ḍ | ^n.d | ඬcode: inc is deprecated | ||||||||||
t | t | तcode: inc is deprecated | تcode: inc is deprecated | ਤcode: inc is deprecated | તcode: inc is deprecated | তcode: inc is deprecated | ତcode: inc is deprecated | தcode: inc is deprecated | തcode: inc is deprecated | ತcode: inc is deprecated | తcode: inc is deprecated | තcode: inc is deprecated |
th | th | थcode: inc is deprecated | تھcode: inc is deprecated | ਥcode: inc is deprecated | થcode: inc is deprecated | থcode: inc is deprecated | ଥcode: inc is deprecated | ഥcode: inc is deprecated | ಥcode: inc is deprecated | థcode: inc is deprecated | ථcode: inc is deprecated | |
d | d | दcode: inc is deprecated | دcode: inc is deprecated | ਦcode: inc is deprecated | દcode: inc is deprecated | দcode: inc is deprecated | ଦcode: inc is deprecated | ദcode: inc is deprecated | ದcode: inc is deprecated | దcode: inc is deprecated | දcode: inc is deprecated | |
dh | dh | धcode: inc is deprecated | دھcode: inc is deprecated | ਧcode: inc is deprecated | ધcode: inc is deprecated | ধcode: inc is deprecated | ଧcode: inc is deprecated | ധcode: inc is deprecated | ಧcode: inc is deprecated | ధcode: inc is deprecated | ධcode: inc is deprecated | |
n | n | नcode: inc is deprecated | نcode: inc is deprecated | ਨcode: inc is deprecated | નcode: inc is deprecated | নcode: inc is deprecated | ନcode: inc is deprecated | நcode: inc is deprecated | നcode: inc is deprecated | ನcode: inc is deprecated | నcode: inc is deprecated | නcode: inc is deprecated |
n̆d | ^nd | ඳcode: inc is deprecated | ||||||||||
p | p | पcode: inc is deprecated | پcode: inc is deprecated | ਪcode: inc is deprecated | પcode: inc is deprecated | পcode: inc is deprecated | ପcode: inc is deprecated | பcode: inc is deprecated | പcode: inc is deprecated | ಪcode: inc is deprecated | పcode: inc is deprecated | පcode: inc is deprecated |
ph | ph | फcode: inc is deprecated | پھcode: inc is deprecated | ਫcode: inc is deprecated | ફcode: inc is deprecated | ফcode: inc is deprecated | ଫcode: inc is deprecated | ഫcode: inc is deprecated | ಫcode: inc is deprecated | ఫcode: inc is deprecated | ඵcode: inc is deprecated | |
b | b | बcode: inc is deprecated | بcode: inc is deprecated | ਬcode: inc is deprecated | બcode: inc is deprecated | বcode: inc is deprecated | ବcode: inc is deprecated | ബcode: inc is deprecated | ಬcode: inc is deprecated | బcode: inc is deprecated | බcode: inc is deprecated | |
bh | bh | भcode: inc is deprecated | بھcode: inc is deprecated | ਭcode: inc is deprecated | ભcode: inc is deprecated | ভcode: inc is deprecated | ଭcode: inc is deprecated | ഭcode: inc is deprecated | ಭcode: inc is deprecated | భcode: inc is deprecated | භcode: inc is deprecated | |
m | m | मcode: inc is deprecated | مcode: inc is deprecated | ਮcode: inc is deprecated | મcode: inc is deprecated | মcode: inc is deprecated | ମcode: inc is deprecated | மcode: inc is deprecated | മcode: inc is deprecated | ಮcode: inc is deprecated | మcode: inc is deprecated | මcode: inc is deprecated |
m̆b | ^mb | ඹcode: inc is deprecated | ||||||||||
ṟ | _r | ऱcode: inc is deprecated | றcode: inc is deprecated | റcode: inc is deprecated | ಱcode: inc is deprecated | ఱcode: inc is deprecated | ||||||
ṯ | _t | ഺcode: inc is deprecated | ||||||||||
ṉ | _n | ऩcode: inc is deprecated | னcode: inc is deprecated | ഩcode: inc is deprecated | ||||||||
ḻ | _l | ऴcode: inc is deprecated | ழcode: inc is deprecated | ഴcode: inc is deprecated | ೞcode: inc is deprecated | ఴcode: inc is deprecated | ||||||
y | y | यcode: inc is deprecated | یcode: inc is deprecated | ਯcode: inc is deprecated | યcode: inc is deprecated | যcode: inc is deprecated | ଯcode: inc is deprecated | யcode: inc is deprecated | യcode: inc is deprecated | ಯcode: inc is deprecated | యcode: inc is deprecated | යcode: inc is deprecated |
ẏ | ;y | य़code: inc is deprecated | য়code: inc is deprecated | ୟcode: inc is deprecated | ||||||||
r | r | रcode: inc is deprecated | رcode: inc is deprecated | ਰcode: inc is deprecated | રcode: inc is deprecated | রcode: inc is deprecated , ৰcode: as is deprecated | ରcode: inc is deprecated | ரcode: inc is deprecated | രcode: inc is deprecated | ರcode: inc is deprecated | రcode: inc is deprecated | රcode: inc is deprecated |
r̆ | ^r | र्code: inc is deprecated | ||||||||||
l | l | लcode: inc is deprecated | لcode: inc is deprecated | ਲcode: inc is deprecated | લcode: inc is deprecated | লcode: inc is deprecated | ଲcode: inc is deprecated | லcode: inc is deprecated | ലcode: inc is deprecated | ಲcode: inc is deprecated | లcode: inc is deprecated | ලcode: inc is deprecated |
ḷ | .l | ळcode: inc is deprecated | لؕ | ਲ਼code: inc is deprecated | ળcode: inc is deprecated | ଳcode: inc is deprecated | ளcode: inc is deprecated | ളcode: inc is deprecated | ಳcode: inc is deprecated | ళcode: inc is deprecated | ළcode: inc is deprecated | |
v | v | वcode: inc is deprecated | وcode: inc is deprecated | ਵcode: inc is deprecated | વcode: inc is deprecated | ৱcode: as is deprecated | ଵcode: inc is deprecated | வcode: inc is deprecated | വcode: inc is deprecated | ವcode: inc is deprecated | వcode: inc is deprecated | වcode: inc is deprecated |
ś | ;s | शcode: inc is deprecated | شcode: inc is deprecated | ਸ਼code: inc is deprecated | શcode: inc is deprecated | শcode: inc is deprecated | ଶcode: inc is deprecated | ஶcode: inc is deprecated | ശcode: inc is deprecated | ಶcode: inc is deprecated | శcode: inc is deprecated | ශcode: inc is deprecated |
ṣ | .s | षcode: inc is deprecated | ષcode: inc is deprecated | ষcode: inc is deprecated | ଷcode: inc is deprecated | ஷcode: inc is deprecated | ഷcode: inc is deprecated | ಷcode: inc is deprecated | షcode: inc is deprecated | ෂcode: inc is deprecated | ||
s | s | सcode: inc is deprecated | سcode: inc is deprecated | ਸcode: inc is deprecated | સcode: inc is deprecated | সcode: inc is deprecated | ସcode: inc is deprecated | ஸcode: inc is deprecated | സcode: inc is deprecated | ಸcode: inc is deprecated | సcode: inc is deprecated | සcode: inc is deprecated |
h | h | हcode: inc is deprecated | ہcode: inc is deprecated | ਹcode: inc is deprecated | હcode: inc is deprecated | হcode: inc is deprecated | ହcode: inc is deprecated | ஹcode: inc is deprecated | ഹcode: inc is deprecated | ಹcode: inc is deprecated | హcode: inc is deprecated | හcode: inc is deprecated |
' | ' | ऽcode: inc is deprecated | ঽcode: inc is deprecated | ઽcode: inc is deprecated | ଽcode: inc is deprecated | ഽcode: inc is deprecated | ಽcode: inc is deprecated | ఽcode: inc is deprecated | ||||
q | q | क़code: inc is deprecated | قcode: inc is deprecated | ਕ਼code: inc is deprecated | ક઼code: inc is deprecated | ক়code: inc is deprecated | ||||||
k͟h | _kh | ख़code: inc is deprecated | خcode: inc is deprecated | ਖ਼code: inc is deprecated | ખ઼code: inc is deprecated | খ়code: inc is deprecated | ||||||
ġ | .g | ग़code: inc is deprecated | غcode: inc is deprecated | ਗ਼code: inc is deprecated | ગ઼code: inc is deprecated | গ়code: inc is deprecated | ||||||
z | z | ज़code: inc is deprecated | زcode: inc is deprecated | ਜ਼code: inc is deprecated | જ઼code: inc is deprecated | জ়code: inc is deprecated | ಜ಼code: inc is deprecated | ౙcode: inc is deprecated | ||||
f | f | फ़code: inc is deprecated | فcode: inc is deprecated | ਫ਼code: inc is deprecated | ફ઼code: inc is deprecated | ফ়code: inc is deprecated | ಫ಼code: inc is deprecated | ෆcode: inc is deprecated | ||||
s̱ | _s | सcode: inc is deprecated | ثcode: inc is deprecated | |||||||||
s̤ | ,s | सcode: inc is deprecated | صcode: inc is deprecated | |||||||||
h̤ | ,h | हcode: inc is deprecated | حcode: inc is deprecated | |||||||||
t̤ | ,t | तcode: inc is deprecated | طcode: inc is deprecated | |||||||||
ʻ | . | عcode: inc is deprecated | ||||||||||
w | w | व़ | وcode: inc is deprecated | ୱcode: inc is deprecated | ||||||||
ž | ^z | झ़code: inc is deprecated | ژcode: inc is deprecated | |||||||||
ẕ | _z | ज़ | ذcode: inc is deprecated | |||||||||
ż | ;z | ज़ | ضcode: inc is deprecated | |||||||||
ẓ | .z | ज़ | ظcode: inc is deprecated |
Kaitan dengan sistem lain
ISO 15919 ialah piawaian antarabangsa bagi perumian banyak tulisan Brahmi, dipersetujui pada tahun 2001 oleh serangkai institut pemiawaian kebangsaan di 157 negara.[perlu rujukan] Walau bagaimanapun, sistem transliterasi Hunter ialah "sistem perumian kebangsaan di India" dan kumpulan pakar Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu menyatakan berkenaan ISO 15919, bahawa "tiada bukti sistem itu digunakan biarpun di India atau dalam produk kartografi antarabangsa."[1][2][3]
Satu lagi piawaian, Sistem Perumian Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu untuk Nama Geografi (UNRSGN), telah dibangunkan oleh Kumpulan Pakar Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu untuk Nama Geografi (UNGEGN)[4] dan merangkumi banyak tulisan Brahmi.
Perumian ALA-LC telah diluluskan oleh Perpustakaan Kongres dan Persatuan Perpustakaan Amerika dan merupakan piawaian AS. Abjad Antarabangsa Transliterasi Sanskrit (IAST) bukannya piawai (kerana tiada spesifikasi wujud untuknya) tetapi konvensyen yang dibangunkan di Eropah untuk transliterasi Sanskrit dan bukannya transkripsi tulisan Brahmi.
Sebagai perbandingan, kedua-dua piawaian antarabangsa ISO 15919 dan UNRSGN[5] mentransliterasi anusvara sebagai ṁ, manakala ALA-LC dan IAST menggunakan ṃ untuknya. Walau bagaimanapun, ISO 15919 menyediakan panduan untuk menyahkaburkan antara pelbagai situasi anusvara (seperti penyengauan bibir berbanding gigi), yang diterangkan dalam jadual di bawah.
Perbandingan dengan UNRSGN dan IAST
Jadual di bawah menunjukkan perbezaan antara ISO 15919, UNRSGN[5] dan IAST untuk transliterasi Dewanagari.
Dewanagari | ISO 15919 | UNRSGN | IAST | Ulasan |
---|---|---|---|---|
ए / ेcode: inc is deprecated | ē | e | e | Untuk membezakan antara 'e' panjang dan pendek dalam bahasa-bahasa Dravidia, 'e' kini melambangkan ऎ / ॆ (pendek). Penggunaan ē dianggap sebagai tidak wajib dalam ISO 15919, dan penggunaan e untuk ए (panjang) boleh diterima untuk bahasa-bahasa yang tidak membezakan e panjang dan pendek. |
ओ / ोcode: inc is deprecated | ō | o | o | Untuk membezakan antara 'o' panjang dan pendek dalam bahasa-bahasa Dravidia, 'o' kini melambangkan ऒ / ॊ (pendek). Penggunaan ō dianggap sebagai tidak wajib dalam ISO 15919, dan penggunaan o untuk ओ (panjang) boleh diterima untuk bahasa-bahasa yang tidak membezakan o panjang dan pendek. |
ऋ / ृcode: inc is deprecated | r̥ | ṛ | ṛ | Dalam ISO 15919, ṛ digunakan untuk melambangkan ड़. |
ॠ / ॄcode: inc is deprecated | r̥̄ | ṝ | ṝ | Untuk konsisten dengan r̥ |
ऌ / ॢcode: inc is deprecated | l̥ | l̤ | ḷ | Dalam ISO 15919, ḷ digunakan untuk melambangkan ळ. |
ॡ / ॣcode: inc is deprecated | l̥̄ | l̤̄ | ḹ | Untuk konsisten dengan l̥ |
◌ंcode: inc is deprecated | ṁ | ṁ | ṃ | ISO 15919 mempunyai dua pilihan mengenai anusvāra. (1) Dalam pilihan penyengauan yang dipermudah, anusvāra sentiasa ditransliterasi sebagai ṁ. (2) Dalam pilihan penyengauan yang tegar, anusvāra sebelum konsonan kelas ditransliterasi sebagai sengau kelas—ṅ sebelum k, kh, g, gh, ṅ; ñ sebelum c, ch, j, jh, ñ; ṇ sebelum ṭ, ṭh, ḍ, ḍh, ṇ; n sebelum t, th, d, dh, n; m sebelum p, ph, b, bh, m. ṃ kadangkala digunakan untuk melambangkan tippi Gurmukhi ੰ secara khusus. |
ṅ ñ ṇ n m | ||||
◌ँcode: inc is deprecated | m̐ | m̐ | Penyengauan vokal ditransliterasi sebagai tanda alun di atas vokal transliterasi (di atas vokal kedua dalam digraf-digraf seperti aĩ, aũ), kecuali dalam bahasa Sanskrit. |
Sokongan pasuan
Hanya pasuan tertentu menyokong semua aksara Unicode Latin untuk transliterasi tulisan Indik mengikut piawaian ini. Contohnya, Tahoma menyokong hampir semua aksara yang diperlukan. Pakej pasuan Arial dan Times New Roman yang disertakan dengan Microsoft Office 2007 dan kemudiannya turut menyokong kebanyakan aksara Latin Tambahan Diperlanjut seperti ḑ, ḥ, ḷ, ḻ, ṁ, ṅ, ṇ, ṛ, ṣ dan ṭ.
Tiada susun atur papan kekunci yang standard untuk input ISO 15919 tetapi banyak sistem menyediakan cara untuk memilih aksara Unicode secara visual. ISO/IEC 14755 memanggil ini kaedah kemasukan pilihan skrin.
Lihat juga
Rujukan
- ^ United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2007), Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names, Penerbitan Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu, 2007, ISBN 978-92-1-161500-5,
... ISO 15919 ... Tiada bukti penggunaan sistem itu sama ada di India atau dalam produk kartografi antarabangsa ... Sistem Hunter ialah sistem perumian nasional yang sebenarnya digunakan di India ...
- ^ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (1955), United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Far East, Volume 2, United Nations, 1955,
... Di India sistem Hunterian digunakan, yang mana setiap bunyi dalam bahasa tempatan secara seragam dilambangkan oleh huruf tertentu dalam abjad Latin ...
- ^ National Library (India) (1960), Indian scientific & technical publications, exhibition 1960: a bibliography, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Government of India, 1960,
... Sistem transliterasi Hunter, yang telah diterima antarabangsa, telah digunakan ...
- ^ "UNGEGN Working Group on Romanization Systems". www.eki.ee. Dicapai pada 2017-02-14.
- ^ a b "Differences between ISO 15919 and UNRSGN". Working group on Romanization systems. www.eki.ee/wgrs/. March 2016. Dicapai pada 13 February 2017. Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah, nama ":0" digunakan secara berulang dengan kandungan yang berbeza
Pautan luar
- ISO 15919:2001
- Transliterasi tulisan Indik: cara menggunakan ISO 15919 (diarkibkan 18 April 2016)
- Carta CLDR Unicode.org bagi transliterasi Latin-Indik
- Penukar Sistem Tulisan Asia Aksharamukha mampu mengalih huruf kira-kira 20 sistem tulisan Asia dan beberapa piawaian perumian termasuk ISO 15919
- Transliterasi Sebarang bahasa indik ke bahasa indik lain – projek SILPA (diarkibkan 22 Februari 2010)
- Alih Huruf Bahasa India – Alih Huruf Asas untuk pengguna dan pengatur cara.
- Standard alih huruf untuk Hindi, Marathi & Nepal
- iso15919.py – Pelaksanaan bahagian Dewanagarī ISO 15919 dalam Python (diarkibkan 23 Januari 2010)
- Perkhidmatan transliterasi Dewanagari, Sinhala, Tamil dan ISO 15919 (diarkibkan 29 Julai 2010)
- Penukar Dewanagarī kepada ISO 15919 (IAST) Alat dalam talian untuk menukar Dewanagari kepada IAST (diarkibkan 15 Julai 2011)