Semelai language
Austroasiatic language spoken in Malaysia
| Semelai | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Malaysia |
| Region | Malay Peninsula |
| Ethnicity | 6,300 (2008)[1] |
Native speakers | 4,100 (2009)[1] |
Language family | Austroasiatic
|
Writing system | Latin script |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | sza |
| Glottolog | seme1247 |
| ELP | Semelai |
Semelai is an Austroasiatic language spoken in the Malay Peninsula. It belongs to the Southern branch of the Aslian language subgrouping. The Semelai reside predominantly around the Bera, Serting and associated river systems in the states of Pahang, Negeri Sembilan and Johor.
Phonology
Semelai has 32 consonants and 20 vowels.[2]
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | c | k | ʔ |
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | cʰ | kʰ | ||
| voiced | b | d | ɟ | ɡ | ||
| Fricative | s ~ ɕ | h | ||||
| Nasal | voiceless | m̥ | n̥ | ŋ̊ | ||
| voiced | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| preglottal | ʔm | ʔn | ʔɲ | |||
| Approximant | plain | l | j | w | ||
| preglottal | ʔl | ʔj | ||||
| Trill | plain | r | ||||
| preglottal | ʔr | |||||
- Stops /p t c k/ are heard as [p̚ t̚ c̚ k̚] word-final position.
- Palatal sounds /c ɟ/ are slightly affricated as [cᶝ ɟᶽ] when in word-initial position.
- /s/ may occur as [s] or [ɕ] within free variation.
- Nasals /m n ɲ ŋ/ can occur as prestopped [ᵇm ᵈn ᶡɲ ᶢŋ] when in word-final position.
- /r/ can be heard as [ɾ] when in word-final position. When preceded by a nasal /n/ it is heard as [ᵈr].
- /w j/ are heard as off-glides [ ʷ, ʲ] when in word-final position. After nasal vowels, they are then heard as nasalized [ ʷ̃, ʲ̃].
Vowels are also distinguished with nasal counterparts:
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i ĩ | ʉ ʉ̃ | u ũ |
| Close-mid | e ẽ | ə ə̃ | o õ |
| Open-mid | ɛ ɛ̃ | ɔ ɔ̃ | |
| Open | a ã | ɒ ɒ̃ |
- /ɒ/ is phonetically noted as [ɒ̙].
- /i/ can be heard as [ɪ] in closed syllables
- /ə/ can be heard as [ʌ] in stressed word-final syllables
Notes
- ^ a b Semelai at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Kruspe (2004) harvp error: no target: CITEREFKruspe2004 (help)
References
- Hoe, Ban Seng (2001). Baer, Adela S.; Gianno, Rosemary (eds.). Semelai Communities at Tasek Bera: A Study of the Structure of an Orang Asli Society. Subang Jaya, Malaysia: Centre for Orang Asli Concerns. ISBN 983-40042-3-0.
- Kruspe, Nicole (2004a). A Grammar of Semelai. Cambridge Grammatical Descriptions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81497-9.
- Kruspe, Nicole (2004b). "Adjectives in Semelai". In Dixon, R. M. W.; A. Y. Aikhenvald (eds.). Adjective Classes: a cross-linguistic typology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 283–305.
External links
- http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
- http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-66E3-8@view Semelai in RWAAI Digital Archive
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Indigenous
minority
| Chinese | |
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| Indian | |
| Indonesian archipelago | |
| Philippine | |
| Others |
| Main | |
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| By states |
- 1 Extinct languages
- 2 Nearly extinct languages
