Proper morphism

In algebraic geometry, a proper morphism between schemes is an analog of a proper map between complex analytic spaces.

Some authors call a proper variety over a field k a complete variety. For example, every projective variety over a field k is proper over k. A scheme X of finite type over the complex numbers (for example, a variety) is proper over C if and only if the space X(C) of complex points with the classical (Euclidean) topology is compact and Hausdorff.

A closed immersion is proper. A morphism is finite if and only if it is proper and quasi-finite.

Definition

A morphism f: XY of schemes is called universally closed if for every scheme Z with a morphism ZY, the projection from the fiber product

X × Y Z Z {\displaystyle X\times _{Y}Z\to Z}

is a closed map of the underlying topological spaces. A morphism of schemes is called proper if it is separated, of finite type, and universally closed ([EGA] II, 5.4.1 [1]). One also says that X is proper over Y. In particular, a variety X over a field k is said to be proper over k if the morphism X → Spec(k) is proper.

Examples

For any natural number n, projective space Pn over a commutative ring R is proper over R. Projective morphisms are proper, but not all proper morphisms are projective. For example, there is a smooth proper complex variety of dimension 3 which is not projective over C.[1] Affine varieties of positive dimension over a field k are never proper over k. More generally, a proper affine morphism of schemes must be finite.[2] For example, it is not hard to see that the affine line A1 over a field k is not proper over k, because the morphism A1 → Spec(k) is not universally closed. Indeed, the pulled-back morphism

A 1 × k A 1 A 1 {\displaystyle \mathbb {A} ^{1}\times _{k}\mathbb {A} ^{1}\to \mathbb {A} ^{1}}

(given by (x,y) ↦ y) is not closed, because the image of the closed subset xy = 1 in A1 × A1 = A2 is A1 − 0, which is not closed in A1.

Properties and characterizations of proper morphisms

In the following, let f: XY be a morphism of schemes.

  • The composition of two proper morphisms is proper.
  • Any base change of a proper morphism f: XY is proper. That is, if g: Z → Y is any morphism of schemes, then the resulting morphism X ×Y ZZ is proper.
  • Properness is a local property on the base (in the Zariski topology). That is, if Y is covered by some open subschemes Yi and the restriction of f to all f−1(Yi) is proper, then so is f.
  • More strongly, properness is local on the base in the fpqc topology. For example, if X is a scheme over a field k and E is a field extension of k, then X is proper over k if and only if the base change XE is proper over E.[3]
  • Closed immersions are proper.
  • More generally, finite morphisms are proper. This is a consequence of the going up theorem.
  • By Deligne, a morphism of schemes is finite if and only if it is proper and quasi-finite.[4] This had been shown by Grothendieck if the morphism f: XY is locally of finite presentation, which follows from the other assumptions if Y is noetherian.[5]
  • For X proper over a scheme S, and Y separated over S, the image of any morphism XY over S is a closed subset of Y.[6] This is analogous to the theorem in topology that the image of a continuous map from a compact space to a Hausdorff space is a closed subset.
  • The Stein factorization theorem states that any proper morphism to a locally noetherian scheme can be factored as XZY, where XZ is proper, surjective, and has geometrically connected fibers, and ZY is finite.[7]
  • Chow's lemma says that proper morphisms are closely related to projective morphisms. One version is: if X is proper over a quasi-compact scheme Y and X has only finitely many irreducible components (which is automatic for Y noetherian), then there is a projective surjective morphism g: WX such that W is projective over Y. Moreover, one can arrange that g is an isomorphism over a dense open subset U of X, and that g−1(U) is dense in W. One can also arrange that W is integral if X is integral.[8]
  • Nagata's compactification theorem, as generalized by Deligne, says that a separated morphism of finite type between quasi-compact and quasi-separated schemes factors as an open immersion followed by a proper morphism.[9]
  • Proper morphisms between locally noetherian schemes preserve coherent sheaves, in the sense that the higher direct images Rif(F) (in particular the direct image f(F)) of a coherent sheaf F are coherent (EGA III, 3.2.1). (Analogously, for a proper map between complex analytic spaces, Grauert and Remmert showed that the higher direct images preserve coherent analytic sheaves.) As a very special case: the ring of regular functions on a proper scheme X over a field k has finite dimension as a k-vector space. By contrast, the ring of regular functions on the affine line over k is the polynomial ring k[x], which does not have finite dimension as a k-vector space.
  • There is also a slightly stronger statement of this:(EGA III, 3.2.4) let f : X S {\displaystyle f\colon X\to S} be a morphism of finite type, S locally noetherian and F {\displaystyle F} a O X {\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{X}} -module. If the support of F is proper over S, then for each i 0 {\displaystyle i\geq 0} the higher direct image R i f F {\displaystyle R^{i}f_{*}F} is coherent.
  • For a scheme X of finite type over the complex numbers, the set X(C) of complex points is a complex analytic space, using the classical (Euclidean) topology. For X and Y separated and of finite type over C, a morphism f: XY over C is proper if and only if the continuous map f: X(C) → Y(C) is proper in the sense that the inverse image of every compact set is compact.[10]
  • If f: XY and g: YZ are such that gf is proper and g is separated, then f is proper. This can for example be easily proven using the following criterion.
Valuative criterion of properness

Valuative criterion of properness

There is a very intuitive criterion for properness which goes back to Chevalley. It is commonly called the valuative criterion of properness. Let f: XY be a morphism of finite type of noetherian schemes. Then f is proper if and only if for all discrete valuation rings R with fraction field K and for any K-valued point xX(K) that maps to a point f(x) that is defined over R, there is a unique lift of x to x ¯ X ( R ) {\displaystyle {\overline {x}}\in X(R)} . (EGA II, 7.3.8). More generally, a quasi-separated morphism f: XY of finite type (note: finite type includes quasi-compact) of 'any' schemes X, Y is proper if and only if for all valuation rings R with fraction field K and for any K-valued point xX(K) that maps to a point f(x) that is defined over R, there is a unique lift of x to x ¯ X ( R ) {\displaystyle {\overline {x}}\in X(R)} . (Stacks project Tags 01KF and 01KY). Noting that Spec K is the generic point of Spec R and discrete valuation rings are precisely the regular local one-dimensional rings, one may rephrase the criterion: given a regular curve on Y (corresponding to the morphism s: Spec RY) and given a lift of the generic point of this curve to X, f is proper if and only if there is exactly one way to complete the curve.

Similarly, f is separated if and only if in every such diagram, there is at most one lift x ¯ X ( R ) {\displaystyle {\overline {x}}\in X(R)} .

For example, given the valuative criterion, it becomes easy to check that projective space Pn is proper over a field (or even over Z). One simply observes that for a discrete valuation ring R with fraction field K, every K-point [x0,...,xn] of projective space comes from an R-point, by scaling the coordinates so that all lie in R and at least one is a unit in R.

Geometric interpretation with disks

One of the motivating examples for the valuative criterion of properness is the interpretation of Spec ( C [ [ t ] ] ) {\displaystyle {\text{Spec}}(\mathbb {C} [[t]])} as an infinitesimal disk, or complex-analytically, as the disk Δ = { x C : | x | < 1 } {\displaystyle \Delta =\{x\in \mathbb {C} :|x|<1\}} . This comes from the fact that every power series

f ( t ) = n = 0 a n t n {\displaystyle f(t)=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }a_{n}t^{n}}

converges in some disk of radius r {\displaystyle r} around the origin. Then, using a change of coordinates, this can be expressed as a power series on the unit disk. Then, if we invert t {\displaystyle t} , this is the ring C [ [ t ] ] [ t 1 ] = C ( ( t ) ) {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} [[t]][t^{-1}]=\mathbb {C} ((t))} which are the power series which may have a pole at the origin. This is represented topologically as the open disk Δ = { x C : 0 < | x | < 1 } {\displaystyle \Delta ^{*}=\{x\in \mathbb {C} :0<|x|<1\}} with the origin removed. For a morphism of schemes over Spec ( C ) {\displaystyle {\text{Spec}}(\mathbb {C} )} , this is given by the commutative diagram

Δ X Δ Y {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}\Delta ^{*}&\to &X\\\downarrow &&\downarrow \\\Delta &\to &Y\end{matrix}}}

Then, the valuative criterion for properness would be a filling in of the point 0 Δ {\displaystyle 0\in \Delta } in the image of Δ {\displaystyle \Delta ^{*}} .

Example

It's instructive to look at a counter-example to see why the valuative criterion of properness should hold on spaces analogous to closed compact manifolds. If we take X = P 1 { x } {\displaystyle X=\mathbb {P} ^{1}-\{x\}} and Y = Spec ( C ) {\displaystyle Y={\text{Spec}}(\mathbb {C} )} , then a morphism Spec ( C ( ( t ) ) ) X {\displaystyle {\text{Spec}}(\mathbb {C} ((t)))\to X} factors through an affine chart of X {\displaystyle X} , reducing the diagram to

Spec ( C ( ( t ) ) ) Spec ( C [ t , t 1 ] ) Spec ( C [ [ t ] ] ) Spec ( C ) {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{\text{Spec}}(\mathbb {C} ((t)))&\to &{\text{Spec}}(\mathbb {C} [t,t^{-1}])\\\downarrow &&\downarrow \\{\text{Spec}}(\mathbb {C} [[t]])&\to &{\text{Spec}}(\mathbb {C} )\end{matrix}}}

where Spec ( C [ t , t 1 ] ) = A 1 { 0 } {\displaystyle {\text{Spec}}(\mathbb {C} [t,t^{-1}])=\mathbb {A} ^{1}-\{0\}} is the chart centered around { x } {\displaystyle \{x\}} on X {\displaystyle X} . This gives the commutative diagram of commutative algebras

C ( ( t ) ) C [ t , t 1 ] C [ [ t ] ] C {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}\mathbb {C} ((t))&\leftarrow &\mathbb {C} [t,t^{-1}]\\\uparrow &&\uparrow \\\mathbb {C} [[t]]&\leftarrow &\mathbb {C} \end{matrix}}}

Then, a lifting of the diagram of schemes, Spec ( C [ [ t ] ] ) Spec ( C [ t , t 1 ] ) {\displaystyle {\text{Spec}}(\mathbb {C} [[t]])\to {\text{Spec}}(\mathbb {C} [t,t^{-1}])} , would imply there is a morphism C [ t , t 1 ] C [ [ t ] ] {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} [t,t^{-1}]\to \mathbb {C} [[t]]} sending t t {\displaystyle t\mapsto t} from the commutative diagram of algebras. This, of course, cannot happen. Therefore X {\displaystyle X} is not proper over Y {\displaystyle Y} .

Geometric interpretation with curves

There is another similar example of the valuative criterion of properness which captures some of the intuition for why this theorem should hold. Consider a curve C {\displaystyle C} and the complement of a point C { p } {\displaystyle C-\{p\}} . Then the valuative criterion for properness would read as a diagram

C { p } X C Y {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}C-\{p\}&\rightarrow &X\\\downarrow &&\downarrow \\C&\rightarrow &Y\end{matrix}}}

with a lifting of C X {\displaystyle C\to X} . Geometrically this means every curve in the scheme X {\displaystyle X} can be completed to a compact curve. This bit of intuition aligns with what the scheme-theoretic interpretation of a morphism of topological spaces with compact fibers, that a sequence in one of the fibers must converge. Because this geometric situation is a problem locally, the diagram is replaced by looking at the local ring O C , p {\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}_{C,{\mathfrak {p}}}} , which is a DVR, and its fraction field Frac ( O C , p ) {\displaystyle {\text{Frac}}({\mathcal {O}}_{C,{\mathfrak {p}}})} . Then, the lifting problem then gives the commutative diagram

Spec ( Frac ( O C , p ) ) X Spec ( O C , p ) Y {\displaystyle {\begin{matrix}{\text{Spec}}({\text{Frac}}({\mathcal {O}}_{C,{\mathfrak {p}}}))&\rightarrow &X\\\downarrow &&\downarrow \\{\text{Spec}}({\mathcal {O}}_{C,{\mathfrak {p}}})&\rightarrow &Y\end{matrix}}}

where the scheme Spec ( Frac ( O C , p ) ) {\displaystyle {\text{Spec}}({\text{Frac}}({\mathcal {O}}_{C,{\mathfrak {p}}}))} represents a local disk around p {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {p}}} with the closed point p {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {p}}} removed.

Proper morphism of formal schemes

Let f : X S {\displaystyle f\colon {\mathfrak {X}}\to {\mathfrak {S}}} be a morphism between locally noetherian formal schemes. We say f is proper or X {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {X}}} is proper over S {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {S}}} if (i) f is an adic morphism (i.e., maps the ideal of definition to the ideal of definition) and (ii) the induced map f 0 : X 0 S 0 {\displaystyle f_{0}\colon X_{0}\to S_{0}} is proper, where X 0 = ( X , O X / I ) , S 0 = ( S , O S / K ) , I = f ( K ) O X {\displaystyle X_{0}=({\mathfrak {X}},{\mathcal {O}}_{\mathfrak {X}}/I),S_{0}=({\mathfrak {S}},{\mathcal {O}}_{\mathfrak {S}}/K),I=f^{*}(K){\mathcal {O}}_{\mathfrak {X}}} and K is the ideal of definition of S {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {S}}} .(EGA III, 3.4.1) The definition is independent of the choice of K.

For example, if g: YZ is a proper morphism of locally noetherian schemes, Z0 is a closed subset of Z, and Y0 is a closed subset of Y such that g(Y0) ⊂ Z0, then the morphism g ^ : Y / Y 0 Z / Z 0 {\displaystyle {\widehat {g}}\colon Y_{/Y_{0}}\to Z_{/Z_{0}}} on formal completions is a proper morphism of formal schemes.

Grothendieck proved the coherence theorem in this setting. Namely, let f : X S {\displaystyle f\colon {\mathfrak {X}}\to {\mathfrak {S}}} be a proper morphism of locally noetherian formal schemes. If F is a coherent sheaf on X {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {X}}} , then the higher direct images R i f F {\displaystyle R^{i}f_{*}F} are coherent.[11]

See also

References

  1. ^ Hartshorne (1977), Appendix B, Example 3.4.1.
  2. ^ Liu (2002), Lemma 3.3.17.
  3. ^ Stacks Project, Tag 02YJ.
  4. ^ Grothendieck, EGA IV, Part 4, Corollaire 18.12.4; Stacks Project, Tag 02LQ.
  5. ^ Grothendieck, EGA IV, Part 3, Théorème 8.11.1.
  6. ^ Stacks Project, Tag 01W0.
  7. ^ Stacks Project, Tag 03GX.
  8. ^ Grothendieck, EGA II, Corollaire 5.6.2.
  9. ^ Conrad (2007), Theorem 4.1.
  10. ^ SGA 1, XII Proposition 3.2.
  11. ^ Grothendieck, EGA III, Part 1, Théorème 3.4.2.

External links