Nacionalista Party

Conservative political party in the Philippines

The Nacionalista Party (Filipino and Spanish: Partido Nacionalista; lit. 'Nationalist Party') is the oldest political party in both the Philippines and in Southeast Asia in general. It is responsible for leading the country throughout most of the 20th century since its founding in 1907; it was the ruling party from 1935 to 1946 (under Presidents Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña), 1953–1961 (under Presidents Ramon Magsaysay and Carlos P. Garcia) and 1965–1978 (under President Ferdinand Marcos).

Ideology

The Nacionalista Party was initially created as a Filipino nationalist party that supported Philippine independence until 1946 when the United States granted independence to the country.[6][12][3] Since then, many scholarly articles that dealt with the history of political parties during the Third Republic agreed that the party has been increasingly populist,[1][2][3][13][14] although some argued they had conservative[6][9] tendencies because of their opposition to the Liberal Party and the Progressive Party. The populist ideology of the party remained to present day as described on their website.

History

American Insular to Commonwealth era

The party was organized as a vehicle for Philippine independence, advocating self-rule; and espousing this advocacy through representation in the Philippine Assembly of 1907–1916, and in the succeeding Philippine Legislature of 1916–1935. The ranks of Nationalist politicians rose to prominence through the Commonwealth of the Philippines spanning 1935–1941, ending when political parties were replaced by a singular and monolithic KALIBAPI Party during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines.

Third Republic era to present

By the second half of the century, the Nacionalista Party evolved into being main political contenders for leadership in the Philippines, in competition with its rivals, the Liberal Party and the Philippine Progressive Party. This leadership endured until the turbulent suppression of partisan politics during the Ferdinand Marcos regime. In 1978, akin to the Japanese occupation, disparate political parties were coerced to merge into a regime-controlled coalition, the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan. Preferring not to be involved, the Nacionalistas went to hibernation. Years later, in the late 1980s, the party was revived under the leadership of Salvador "Doy" Laurel until the latter's passing.

In 1992, after the party nominated Doy Laurel, a pro-Danding Cojuangco faction broke away and established the Nationalist People's Coalition.

The Nacionalista Party is presently led by former Senator Manny Villar. In 2016, the party had fielded three vice-presidential candidates either running independently or in tandem with other political parties, namely Alan Peter Cayetano, Bongbong Marcos and Antonio Trillanes, albeit unsuccessfully.[6]

Controversy over dominant-minority status

In the 2010 general election, the Nacionalista and the Nationalist People's Coalition (NPC) formed an alliance after it was approved by the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) on April 12, 2010.[15] The Nacionalistas fielded Senator Manuel Villar and running with fellow Senator Loren Legarda who is a member of the NPC. It became the dominant minority party after a resolution passed by the COMELEC. On April 21, 2010, it was blocked by the Supreme Court after a suit filed by the rival Liberal Party.[15] On May 6, 2010, the Supreme Court nullified the merger and therefore giving the Liberal Party to be the dominant minority party. It was based on a resolution by the COMELEC giving political parties to be accredited by August 17, 2009.[16]

The coalition was made to help the Nacionalista Party to help boost the presidential campaign of Senator Villar and have a chance to be the dominant minority party by the COMELEC which give the rights to poll watchers during the canvassing of votes.[17] However, it is being challenged by the Liberal Party calls the said alliance a bogus alliance and they are seeking the same party status by the COMELEC.[15] Several local races are also being challenged from both parties, therefore causing confusion in those races.[17]

Electoral performance

Presidential elections

Year Candidate Votes % Result Outcome
1935 Manuel L. Quezon 695,332 67.99 Won Manuel L. Quezon won
1941 Manuel L. Quezon 1,340,320 81.78 Won Manuel L. Quezon won
1946 Sergio Osmeña 1,129,996 45.71 Lost Manuel Roxas (Liberal) won
1949 José P. Laurel 1,318,330 37.22 Lost Elpidio Quirino (Liberal) won
1953 Ramon Magsaysay 2,912,992 68.90 Won Ramon Magsaysay won
1957 Carlos P. Garcia 2,072,257 41.28 Won Carlos P. Garcia won
1961 Carlos P. Garcia 2,902,996 44.95 Lost Diosdado Macapagal (Liberal) won
1965 Ferdinand Marcos 3,861,324 51.94 Won Ferdinand Marcos won
1969 Ferdinand Marcos 5,017,343 61.47 Won Ferdinand Marcos won
1981 Alejo Santos 1,716,449 8.25 Lost Ferdinand Marcos (KBL) won
1986 None; Laurel's running mate was Corazon Aquino (UNIDO) 9,291,716 46.10 Disputed Corazon Aquino (UNIDO) assumed presidency
1992 Salvador Laurel 770,046 3.40 Lost Fidel V. Ramos (Lakas–NUCD) won
1998 None — Joseph Estrada (LAMMP) won
2004 None; endorsed Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (Lakas–CMD) — Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (Lakas–CMD) won
2010 Manuel Villar 5,573,835 15.42 Lost Benigno Aquino III (Liberal) won
2016 None — Rodrigo Duterte (PDP–Laban) won
2022 None; endorsed Bongbong Marcos (PFP) — Bongbong Marcos (PFP) won

Vice presidential elections

Year Candidate Votes % Result Outcome
1935 Sergio Osmeña 812,352 86.93 Won Sergio Osmeña won
1941 Sergio Osmeña 1,445,897 92.10 Won Sergio Osmeña won
1946 Eulogio Rodriguez 1,051,243 47.38 Lost Elpidio Quirino (Liberal) won
1949 Manuel Briones 1,184,215 46.08 Lost Fernando López (Liberal) won
1953 Carlos P. Garcia 2,515,265 62.90 Won Carlos P. Garcia won
1957 José Laurel Jr. 1,783,012 37.91 Lost Diosdado Macapagal (Liberal) won
1961 Gil Puyat 1,787,987 28.06 Lost Emmanuel Pelaez (Liberal) won
1965 Fernando López 3,531,550 48.48 Won Fernando López won
1969 Fernando López 5,001,737 62.75 Won Fernando López won
1981 Vice presidency abolished
1986 Salvador Laurel[n 1] 9,173,105 45.85 Disputed Salvador Laurel assumed vice presidency
1992 Eva Estrada Kalaw 255,730 1.25 Lost Joseph Estrada (NPC) won
1998 None — Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (Lakas–NUCD–UMDP) won
2004 None; endorsed Noli de Castro (Independent) — Noli de Castro (Independent) won
2010 None; Villar's running mate was Loren Legarda (NPC) 14,645,574 41.65 Lost Jejomar Binay (PDP–Laban) won
2016 None[n 2] — Leni Robredo (Liberal) won
2022 None; endorsed Sara Duterte (Lakas–CMD) — Sara Duterte (Lakas–CMD) won

Legislative elections

Senate

Year Votes % Seats +/– Result
Philippine Commission appointed without election
Senate of the Philippines
1916 # %
22 / 24
 N/A Won
1919 # %
22 / 24
 Steady Won
1922 # %
17 / 24
 Decrease 5 Split
1925 # %
13 / 24
 Decrease 4 Won
1928 # %
18 / 24
 Increase 5 Won
1931 # %
17 / 24
 Decrease 1 Won
1934 # %
16 / 24
 Decrease 1 Won
Senate abolished from 1935 to 1940
1941 # %
24 / 24
 Steady Won
Senate abolished from 1943 to 1944
1946 7,454,074 41.2
13 / 24
 Decrease 3 Lost
1947 10,114,453 45.0
8 / 24
 Decrease 4 Lost
1949 8,900,568 36.6
4 / 24
 Decrease 4 Lost
1951 13,266,643 59.1
12 / 24
 Increase 8 Won
1953 9,813,166 39.8
13 / 24
 Increase 2 Won
1955 17,319,389 67.6
21 / 24
 Increase 6 Won
1957 13,273,945 47.2
20 / 24
 Decrease 1 Won
1959 17,160,618 50.1
19 / 24
 Decrease 1 Won
1961 17,834,477 45.1
13 / 24
 Decrease 4 Minority
1963 22,983,457 50.2
11 / 24
 Decrease 2 Majority
1965 21,619,502 43.8
11 / 24
 Increase 1 Won
1967 30,704,100 62.8
15 / 24
 Increase 4 Won
1969 32,726,305 60.8
17 / 24
 Increase 2 Won
1971 24,819,175 42.6
16 / 24
 Decrease 1 Won
Senate abolished from 1973 to 1986
1987 # %
2 / 24
 N/A Minority
1992 14,499,923 5.3
0 / 24
 Decrease 2 Lost
1995 Not participating Steady —
1998 Not participating Steady —
2001 770,647 0.3
0 / 24
 Steady Lost
2004 Not participating Steady —
2007 27,125,724 10.1
3 / 24
 Increase 3 Majority
2010 49,585,503 16.7
4 / 24
 Increase 1 Split
2013 45,100,266 15.3
5 / 24
 Increase 1 Majority
2016 2,775,191 14.4
3 / 24
 Decrease 2 Split
2019 60,955,374 16.01
4 / 24
 Increase 1 Majority
2022 19,563,262 4.50
4 / 24
 Steady Split

House of Representatives

Year Votes % Seats +/– Result
Philippine Assembly
1907 34,277 35.71
32 / 80
 N/A Won
1909 92,996 48.19
62 / 81
 Increase 30 Won
1912 124,753 53.35
62 / 81
 Steady Won
1916 # %
75 / 90
 Increase 13 Won
1919 # %
83 / 90
 Decrease 5 Won
1922 # %
64 / 93
 Decrease 19 Split
1925 # %
64 / 92
 Steady Won
1928 # %
71 / 94
 Increase 7 Won
1931 # %
68 / 86
 Decrease 3 Won
1934 # %
89 / 92
 Increase 21 Split
National Assembly
1935 # %
83 / 89
 Decrease 1 Won
1938 # %
98 / 98
 Increase 15 Won
1941 # %
95 / 98
 Decrease 3 Won
National Assembly
1943 Not participating N/A —
House of Representatives
1946 908,740 37.84
35 / 98
 Decrease 60 Lost
1949 1,178,402 34.05
33 / 100
 Decrease 2 Lost
1953 1,930,367 47.30
31 / 102
 Decrease 2 Won
1957 2,948,409 61.18
82 / 102
 Increase 51 Won
1961 3,923,390 61.02
74 / 104
 Decrease 8 Won
1965 3,028,224 41.76
38 / 104
 Decrease 36 Lost
1969 4,590,374 58.93
88 / 110
 Increase 50 Won
Interim Batasang Pambansa
1978 688,130 0.33
0 / 179
 Decrease 88 Lost
Regular Batasang Pambansa
1984 2,084,331 3.52
2 / 197
 Increase 2 Lost
House of Representatives
1987 1,444,399 7.19
4 / 200
 Increase 2 Minority
1992 730,696 3.92
7 / 200
 Increase 3 Majority
1995 153,088 0.80
1 / 204
 Decrease 6 Majority
1998 4,412 0.02
0 / 258
 Decrease 1 Lost
2001 Not participating Steady —
2004 # %
2 / 261
 Increase 2 Majority
2007 # %
11 / 270
 Increase 9 Majority
2010 3,872,637 11.35
25 / 286
 Increase14 Split
2013 2,340,994 8.49
10 / 292
 Decrease 15 Majority
2016 3,512,975 9.42
24 / 297
 Increase 14 Majority
2019 6,554,911 13.73
42 / 304
 Increase 18 Majority
2022 6,610,876 13.72
36 / 316
 Decrease 6 Split

  1. ^ Laurel stood under the banner of the multi-party electoral alliance UNIDO.
  2. ^ Nacionalista Party members Alan Peter Cayetano, Bongbong Marcos and Antonio Trillanes stood as independent candidates without the party's endorsement; all lost.

Notable Nacionalistas

Past

  • Civil Service Commission
  • Commission on Audit
  • Commission on Elections
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Throughout their careers, many of the country's politicians, statesmen and leaders were in whole or in part Nacionalistas. Notable names include the following:

Presidents

Vice Presidents

Senators

Others

Most of these individuals embody solid political traditions of economic and political nationalism are pertinent today, even with the party's subsequent decline.

Current party officials

Some members of the House of Representatives and Senate include—but are not limited to—the following:

Nacionalista-affiliated parties

Candidates for Philippine general elections

2010

Presidential ticket

For senator

2013

For senator

All members ran under the administration coalition, Team PNoy.

2016

For vice president

Three members ran for vice president albeit as independent candidates.

For senator

2019

For senator

All candidates ran under the administration coalition, Hugpong ng Pagbabago.

2022

For senator

Current members in the 19th Congress

Senate

House of Representatives

District Representatives

Partylist allies

  • Ronnie Ong (Ang Probinsyano)
  • Naealla Rose Bainto-Aguinaldo (Bahay)
  • Michael Edgar Aglipay (DIWA)
  • Sharon Garin (AAMBIS-OWA)
  • Rico Geron (AGAP)
  • Irene Gay Saulog (Kalinga)
  • Allan Ty (LPGMA)
  • Francisco Datol, Jr. (Senior Citizen)

Nacionalista Party presidents

Term Name
1907–1935 Sergio Osmeña
1935–1944 Manuel L. Quezon
1944–1953 Sergio Osmeña
1953–1964 Eulogio Rodriguez
1964–1970 Gil Puyat
1970–1986 Jose Roy
1986–2003 Salvador Laurel
2003–present Manny Villar

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Bertrand, J. (2013). Political Change in Southeast Asia. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  2. ^ a b Berneo, N.; Yashar, D. (2016). Parties, Movements, and Democracy in the Developing World. New York: Cambridge University Press USA.
  3. ^ a b c Celoza, A. Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: The Political Economy of Authoritarianism. Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  4. ^ Simbulan, D. (2005). The Modern Principalia: The Historical Evolution of the Philippine Ruling Oligarchy. Quezon City: UP Press.
  5. ^ Del Rosario, Simon G. (1973). An Integrated Course on Communism and Democracy. SGR Research & Pub.
  6. ^ a b c d Dayley, Robert (2016). Southeast Asia In The New International Era. Avalon Publishing. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
  7. ^ a b Guillermo A. Historical Dictionary of the Philippines. Maryland, USA: Scarecrow Press. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
  8. ^ Teehankee, Julio (2016). "Weak State, Strong Presidents: Situating the Duterte Presidency in Philippine Political Time". Journal of Developing Societies. 3 (3).
  9. ^ a b Philippine Journal of Public Administration, Volumes 34–35 (1990). UP College of Public Administration. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
  10. ^ M. Troy Burnett, ed. (2020). Nationalism Today: Extreme Political Movements around the World [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 584.
  11. ^ Arcangel, Xianne (November 15, 2023). "PDP-Laban's membership dwindles, Lakas-CMD now dominant House party". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on November 16, 2023. Retrieved November 16, 2023.
  12. ^ Liow, J.; Leifer, M. (1995). Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Southeast Asia. New York: Routledge. Retrieved October 16, 2017.
  13. ^ Simbulan, D. (2005). The Modern Principalia: The Historical Evolution of the Philippine Ruling Oligarchy. Quezon City: UP Press.
  14. ^ Del Rosario, Simon G. (1973). An Integrated Course on Communism and Democracy. SGR Research & Pub.
  15. ^ a b c Alvarez, Kathrina (April 12, 2010). "NP-NPC coalition formally granted (5:15 p.m.)". Sun.Star Cebu. Retrieved April 15, 2010.
  16. ^ Torres, Tetch (May 6, 2010). "SC nullifies NP-NPC coalition". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 9, 2010. Retrieved May 9, 2010.
  17. ^ a b Maragay, Fel V. (March 1, 2010). "NP-NPC coalition complicates fight in the local level". SunStar. Retrieved April 15, 2010.
  18. ^ Laurel was member of the NP before 1942 and from 1945 to 1959. During his tenure as President, he was affiliated with KALIBAPI.
  19. ^ During the 1946 presidential election, Roxas, who is a member of the liberal-wing of the NP, formed the Liberal Party and eventually moved there.
  20. ^ Moved to the Liberal Party during the 1946 presidential election.
  21. ^ In 1978, Marcos left the NP and formed his own political party known as the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL).
  22. ^ Estrada was a member of the NP during his term as Mayor of San Juan and Senator. In 1991, he formed his own party known as the Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino (PMP).
  23. ^ Duterte was a member of the NP during his term as Mayor of Davao City, Duterte left the party in 1998, when he joined LAMMP. He won the presidency in 2016 under PDP–Laban and formed the Coalition for Change with NP.
  24. ^ Marcos was a member of NP during his term as Senator until 2016. He left the party and joined Partido Federal ng Pilipinas(PFP), which he became a chairman of the party.

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