Independent Administrative Institution

Type of legal body for organizations of the Japanese government

An Incorporated Administrative Agency (独立行政法人, Dokuritsu gyōsei hōjin, Dokugyo in abbreviation), or Independent Administrative Institution, is a type of legal corporation formulated by the Government of Japan under the Act on General Rules for Incorporated Administrative Agencies (Act no. 103 of 1999, revised in 2014).^[1] The independent agencies are not under the National Government Organization Act that provides for the ministries and agencies of Japan.

Originally proposed by the Administrative Reform Council, the independent agencies are created based on the concept of separating the ministries and agencies of the government into planning functions and operation functions. Planning functions remain within government-based ministries and agencies while operating functions are transferred to the independent agencies.

Incorporated Administrative Agencies utilize management methods of private-sector corporations and are given considerable autonomy in their operations and how to use their given budgets. In April 2001, the government first designated 59 bodies as the independent agencies, among which were many research institutions and some museums.

Differences from special corporations

As part of the administrative reforms of the Ryutaro Hashimoto Cabinet in the latter half of the 1990s, this system was stipulated for the purpose of separating the actual business and service sectors from the central ministries and agencies.

Differences from special corporations (Japanese: 特殊法人, Hepburn: Tokushu Hōjin) are that they cannot obtain government guarantees for funding (the same as private companies) and that they are obligated to pay taxes and public dues such as corporate income tax and property tax.

According to the Administrative Surveillance Commission Investigation Office, the 108 corporations established during the six years from 1998, when the system was first established, to 2004, accounted for the fiscal 2004 administrative service implementation costs (taxpayers The total cost attributable to the public burden) was 2,095 billion yen.^[2]

Classification

Independent Administrative Agencies are classified into three agency types according to Article 1 of Act no. 103 of 1999.^[3]

Agency Managed under the Medium-Term Objectives (中期目標管理法人, Chūki Mokuhyō Kanri Hōjin)
National Research and Development Agency (国立研究開発法人, Kokuritsu Kenkyū Kaihatsu Hōjin)
Agency Engaged in Administrative Execution (行政執行法人, Gyōsei Shikkō Hōjin)

Examples of the agencies

There are 87 agencies as of 1 April 2019.^[4]

National Center for University Entrance Examinations, an agency that administers the National Center Test for University Admissions
Japan Mint, the mint of Japan
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)
Japan National Tourist Organization (JNTO)
Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC)
National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)
National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (NITE)
National Museum of Art, Tokyo National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo (MOMAT)
National Museum of Art, Tokyo National Museum of Western Art (NMWA)
National Printing Bureau (NPB)
Nippon Export and Investment Insurance (NEXI)

References

^ "Act on General Rules for Incorporated Administrative Agencies – Japanese/English – Japanese Law Translation". japaneselawtranslation.go.jp. Archived from the original on 2022-08-08. Retrieved 2022-08-08.
^ Nishizawa, T (2007). 独立行政法人制度の現状と課題 (transl. Current status and issues of the Incorporated Administrative System). Administrative Surveillance Commission Investigation Office. Retrieved from https://www.sangiin.go.jp/japanese/annai/chousa/rippou_chousa/backnumber/2007pdf/20070420117.pdf Archived 2022-09-29 at the Wayback Machine.
^ "Act on General Rules for Incorporated Administrative Agencies – Japanese/English – Japanese Law Translation". japaneselawtranslation.go.jp. Archived from the original on 2022-08-08. Retrieved 2022-08-08.
^ 独立行政法人一覧（平成31年4月１日現在） [The list of Independent Administrative Agencies, as of Heisei 31 (2019), April 1] (PDF) (in Japanese). Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2019.

Bibliography

Independent Administrative Institution National Museum. (2005) Outline of the Independent Administrative Institution National Museum. Tokyo: Independent Administrative Institution National Museum Secretariat. OCLC: 71634675
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2002). Benchmarking Industry-science Relationships. Paris: OECD Publishing. ISBN 978-92-64-19741-1 OCLC: 49642355

External links

Independent Administrative Institution National Museum of Art (in Japanese)

Incorporated Administrative Agencies in Japan

There are 102 institutions as of April 1, 2012. Bold institutions employ national public servants.

Cabinet Office

National Archives of Japan
ja:Northern Territories Issue Association
ja:National Consumer Affairs Center of Japan

Ministry of
Internal Affairs
and
Communications

National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)
ja:National Statistics Center
ja:Public Foundation for Peace and Consolation
ja:Management Organization for Postal Savings and Postal Life Insurance

Ministry of
Foreign Affairs

Ministry of
Finance

ja:National Research Institute of Brewing
Japan Mint
National Printing Bureau
Commemorative Organization for the Japan World Exposition '70

Ministry of
Education,
Culture,
Sports,
Science and
Technology

ja:National Institute of Special Education
National Center for University Entrance Examinations
ja:National Institution For Youth Education
ja:National Women's Education Center
National Museum of Nature and Science
National Institute for Materials Science
ja:National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention
ja:National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology
National Institutes for Cultural Heritage
ja:National Institute of Radiological Sciences
ja:National Center for Teachers' Development
Japan Science and Technology Agency
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
RIKEN
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
ja:National Agency for the Advancement of Sports and Health
Japan Arts Council
ja:Japan Student Services Organization
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology
ja:Institute of National Colleges of Technology
National Institution for Academic Degrees and University Evaluation
Japan Atomic Energy Agency

Ministry of
Health,
Labour, and
Welfare

ja:National Institute of Health and Nutrition
ja:National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health
ja:Organization for Workers Retirement Allowance Mutual Aid
ja:Japan Organization for Employment of the Elderly, Persons with Disabilities and Job
Seekers
ja:Welfare And Medical Service Agency
ja:National Center for Persons with Severe Intellectual Disabilities, Nozominosono
Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training
ja:Japan Labour Health and Welfare Organization
ja:National Hospital Organization
ja:Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Agency
ja:National Institute of Biomedical Innovation
ja:Readjustment of Facilities for Insured Persons and Beneficiaries Organization
Government Pension Investment Fund
ja:National Cancer Center
ja:National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Hospital
ja:National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry
ja:National Center for Global Health and Medicine
ja:National Center for Child Health and Development
ja:National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontrogy